| Type | Main Proponents | Collapse |
|---|
| Parental (Psychodynamic) | Sigmund Freud | Lithium treatment cured mania where years of psychoanalysis failed; Prozac outperformed therapy |
| Socio-economic | Karl Marx | Berlin Wall symbolized oppression; collapse of Soviet communism undermined Marxist predictions |
| Political | Vladimir Lenin | Same as above — totalitarianism led to disillusionment, not utopia |
| Cultural (Peer-pressure) | Franz Boas, Margaret Mead | Mead’s findings discredited by Derek Freeman (poor data + pranks) |
| Behavioural (Stimulus–Response) | John Watson, B.F. Skinner | Baby monkeys preferred cloth “mothers” over wire ones, even when wire gave food — suggesting innate emotional needs |
| Linguistic | Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf | Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures argued for an innate basis of grammar and language learning |